4- Introduction to Logic (Mantiq) - Shaykh Abdulrahman Cherri

44 المشاهدات· 24/07/19

Al-Hujjah Islamic Seminary
1 مشتركين

في محاضرات

Introduction to Logic (Mantiq), offered in 2020-2021, is now available to take online at Al-Hujjah Islamic Seminary. The first five classes are available to view as a demo to get an idea of how the course is instructed. To register for this class, see all class videos, and take the exams, visit hujjahseminary.com. For any questions, email us at [email protected]

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Transcript

[0:06][Music] oh is and we're running a bit uh late on the

[1:12]schedule we're not following the syllabus we're one day off which is

[1:21]fine we had a few technical issues last week back so i'll

[1:26]try to finish uh what's scheduled for what was scheduled for last

[1:32]week this week i'll amend the syllabus hopefully we can keep up

[1:36]with the actual uh timeline that we have for the course um

[1:41]what we're going to do today is we're going to go and

[1:44]have a recap from last week we're trying to move on from

[1:49]this point over here last week we spoke about the divisions of

[1:55]knowledge and we said that this specific chapter is not part of

[1:59]logic per se this is to do with epistemology it has to

[2:04]do with the human mind and how the human perceives of different

[2:08]ideas and how the human being understands the world around them um

[2:14]but we need to know what knowledge is and how the human

[2:20]mind functions because we want to understand where logic fits into place

[2:25]why is logic necessary what kind of science is it why has

[2:30]it even been developed and how could it help us as human

[2:34]beings what is it that it does for us so without understanding

[2:36]the purpose of a science or why we should do something we

[2:41]won't be motivated to do it and we won't be able to

[2:45]benefit from it practically in our daily lives if it does have

[2:51]any benefit so this is why these fathers looked into knowledge and

[2:54]try to understand what knowledge is how the human being reacts with

[3:00]the world inside of himself in the world surrounding him in order

[3:04]to understand the world and observe and understand it and then they

[3:10]wanted to see uh how humans understand truth statement or understand the

[3:18]truth in uh any argumentation it's not that we talk to each

[3:22]other we describe things and we differ when we describe things as

[3:26]well so why does this differing happen why does it occur why

[3:31]do people have different opinions why do they um sometimes even have

[3:37]contradictory opinions why does this happen so they divided knowledge into uh

[3:43]knowledge by presence and knowledge by correspondence when you look at the

[3:49]human being he thought that the human understands things in two different

[3:54]ways there's things that he understands that are outside of him and

[3:58]he understands the external world outside of himself his observation of everything

[4:05]around him uh happens through conceptualization so as a human being i

[4:10]look at this wall over here where i look at a chair

[4:14]or i look at a table and what is my relationship with

[4:20]these objects how do i understand what these external objects are the

[4:24]wall is not inside of me the chair is not inside of

[4:26]me it's not present me and the chair are not part of

[4:30]one thing the chairs outside of me so how do i connect

[4:33]to the chair how do i understand what this chair is how

[4:36]do i conceive of it that's one issue uh the second thing

[4:41]they saw is that humans are aware of their internal feelings and

[4:48]their own existence their conscience their consciousness this is not something external

[4:54]to us we know ourselves through ourselves and we interact with things

[5:00]outside of us using our own consciousness so they said that there

[5:05]are two different things that we know or two different ways of

[5:08]knowing one of them is that which is ourselves and everything related

[5:12]to it so our own feelings our own emotions our own um

[5:19]dreams our vision whatever's going on internally this is something that's to

[5:24]do with the person himself not the outside world and then there

[5:28]are things that are in outside the world so those which um

[5:32]are internal in the human being they called knowledge by presence this

[5:37]is what they named it and that which is external uh they've

[5:42]called it knowledge by correspondence there's a an activity of corresponding with

[5:47]something in the mind so by correspondence it doesn't have to be

[5:52]an object necessarily it could be a definition it could be a

[5:57]notion the point is that the thing itself is not present but

[6:00]a form of it is present a definition of its present the

[6:05]object itself is not present in the human being and we said

[6:08]that logic is not concerned with knowledge by presence that's something that's

[6:14]uh outside of the scope of logic and it's concerned with knowledge

[6:19]by correspondence so we eliminated this over here and we explained why

[6:22]and then we said that knowledge by correspondence could be divided into

[6:25]two different categories as well um that which happened through conception and

[6:32]ascent and we had a question yesterday on the group regarding conception

[6:37]in in reality um knowledge is conceptualization this this type of knowledge

[6:44]here knowledge by correspondence is conceptualization but when they look at human

[6:49]beings and then conceptualizing things they notice that sometimes we conceptualize certain

[6:55]things and it remains a concept and sometimes we actually believe that

[7:01]concept that we have in ourselves in our minds so they said

[7:04]okay let's differentiate between the two sometimes we only have the uh

[7:09]conceptualization which they call simple conceptualization and then sometimes that concept we

[7:14]believe in it so i'll imagine that you know you know you

[7:19]come and tell me that there is a new restaurant that opened

[7:24]up in the city nearby and you give me a name for

[7:29]it so i get to form an image in my life now

[7:30]depending on how much i believe you um i either believe your

[7:35]statement not believe it or just leave it out there as a

[7:38]possibility so first first i conceptualize what you said and the moment

[7:42]i verify it either by going there and seeing it or i

[7:45]trust you so much that i that i would not doubt what

[7:49]you told me then i would believe in what you said i'll

[7:52]have a sense in it and this is a very different um

[7:55]category from just pure conception you know your beliefs in god and

[8:01]the hereafter your ideology um climate change anything you have if you

[8:06]have strong belief in it it would fall under this category over

[8:13]here and you would argue to prove it and you would actually

[8:14]um let's say a society would would establish laws based on their

[8:22]convictions so there's a lot of implications and a lot of things

[8:24]that follow from having a sense as human beings but most of

[8:27]the time if we just have a conception of something it doesn't

[8:31]have uh much effect as uh ascent would on the external world

[8:35]but it also does have an effect but we'll go into that

[8:38]later on today we'll see how these two uh what kind of

[8:44]roles they play in the human human soul so now we'll move

[8:48]on from last week and we want to say that both ascent

[8:52]and conception can be divided into enzymatic ascent and cognitivism and idiomatic

[9:00]conception and cognitive conception as well and this is i think where

[9:06]we ended last week and we said that there's a difference between

[9:09]uh an ascent that occurs without thinking without contemplation and a stuff

[9:16]that has to occur through thinking and contemplation so let's say you

[9:25]believe in your own existence i exist for example i have a

[9:33]sentence that the actual notion that i so and so exist and

[9:35]you believe in it or for example the law of non-contradiction that's

[9:39]an axiom you say that a thing cannot exist and not exist

[9:45]at the same time and place so something i can't say that

[9:50]you know this chair exists and does not exist in the same

[9:54]time and space and all the conditions it both exists and does

[9:57]not exist this is something that i don't have to demonstrate the

[10:00]mind just automatically understands it um and i and you believe in

[10:05]that so the law of non-contradiction would be an example of an

[10:09]axiom that we believe in and resent them without really having to

[10:14]contemplate and to think but then you have a lot of uh

[10:16]issues where uh you have to sit there and look at proofs

[10:21]and evidences so let's say the theory of evolution or creation the

[10:26]existence of a god for example some people categorize that as a

[10:35]cognitive that you would have to demonstrate proofs and argue for the

[10:38]existence of a deity um and that also really depends on the

[10:42]time and space that your place that you're living in so at

[10:47]one point in time um there not being so many uh let's

[10:52]say misconceptions or ideas floating around maybe understanding that god exists is

[10:56]much simpler and easier than let's say a time where uh during

[11:02]the renaissance let's say when the church in the state separated science

[11:06]became dominant people began doubting the authority of the church and the

[11:09]existence of god they didn't completely doubt it but it began at

[11:15]that time and eventually developed into what europe is going through nowadays

[11:18]so now to prove the existence of a god became cognitive it

[11:24]might have been exomatic before and the reason why i'm mentioning this

[11:27]is because we're going to see uh shechem in this book he

[11:31]says that some things uh are eczematic but we just don't grasp

[11:34]them we don't understand their enzymatic because of certain uh things that

[11:38]prevent us from doing that but we'll go into that in a

[11:41]little bit so there are issues that i need to believe it

[11:45]through argumentation and they require proofs and evidences and there are things

[11:50]that people understand uh without even having to think about that this

[11:55]would be enzymatic at the same time uh conceptualizing things it's also

[12:00]uh divided into these categories as well and i'll move over here

[12:04]so we can have the definition um a thematic self-evident knowledge is

[12:10]the knowledge that does not require thought acquisition reflection it occurs spontaneously

[12:17]it's self-evident cognitive reflection or knowledge is that which requires position and

[12:23]reflection okay now extrematic conception our conceptions are resistant and non-existent these

[12:29]are things that we don't have to think about in order to

[12:35]conceive it just automatically occurs in the mind um our sentence behold

[12:52]all right so here i divided the categories into enzymatic and cognitive

[12:59]conception so let me let me go over here okay so we

[13:04]have maximum conception conceiving of existence and non-existence um and enzymatic ascent

[13:10]is our ascent that the whole is greater than some of his

[13:14]parts that two contradictories or contradictions cannot be joined or that the

[13:18]sun has risen or that one is half of two and so

[13:23]on and so forth we have cognitive conception and again this is

[13:26]our conceptions of existence and non-existence and cognitive essence are a sense

[13:31]about whether the earth is stationary or if it's hormones on its

[13:35]own axis or orbits around the sun so these are issues that

[13:39]require thought and reflection and they don't just occur to the mind

[13:41]automatically now in order for a person to become aware of an

[13:50]axiom something that is supposed to be self-evident let's say what are

[13:55]the conditions that have to be in the human being in order

[13:58]for this to happen uh first of all uh this is from

[14:01]sheikh mohammed's book which i sent on the group and uh he

[14:04]mentioned these five conditions over here first of all there has to

[14:09]be attention and i'll explain those in a moment um there has

[14:11]to be help in mind health and senses lack of confusion and

[14:17]non-intellective operations these are the five conditions that have to exist in

[14:22]order for something to be understood as self-evident something self-evident can be

[14:26]understood by a human being so what does he mean by me

[14:31]well he says that in order to understand or be aware of

[14:35]something that's self-evident there has to be attention in the human being

[14:44]so this is something that's universally needed for all actions the person

[14:47]has to be able to be directed towards the thing and not

[14:50]distracted from it he says that someone who is not properly paying

[14:56]attention things can be ignorant of even the most obvious truths so

[15:01]sometimes you know there's something that's so obvious when you're talking to

[15:06]someone and it's just so obvious but because they're not paying attention

[15:10]to the obviousness of the issue they just don't grasp and they

[15:13]don't get it because they're not paying attention to the actual issue

[15:16]so you have to be directed towards it and you have to

[15:20]be able to realize uh what this issue that's being discussed is

[15:23]in order to realize whether it's self-evident or not the second condition

[15:27]is that you have to have health in mind this is an

[15:30]unchangeable cause as well a person may be ill in his mind

[15:34]and doubt in the most manifest of truth or not understand them

[15:40]this kind of malady can derive from a physical deficiency or accidental

[15:45]illness or a bad upbringing so i guess when he's referring to

[15:52]the health of mind it's not just referring to the physical mind

[15:56]he's referring to a person not being let's say brainwashed as a

[16:01]child someone who has not been indoctrinated in a certain way so

[16:06]you have you know some families that indoctrinate your children some countries

[16:10]are indoctrinated children and self-evident notions such as the justice some people

[16:18]might conceive justice as being in need for justice for human beings

[16:21]is an accident this is something that's self-evident nobody has to argue

[16:25]that justice is a good thing for human beings and it must

[16:29]prevail um you might find someone from different countries who would not

[16:33]that notion they would argue against you know justice being central or

[16:37]necessary for a human being and you have that kind of uh

[16:40]debate in the elections right now so for example not too long

[16:45]ago an argument was made for health care that health care is

[16:52]a necessary human uh right for basically everybody should have health care

[16:57]you have people on their side these people that say that it's

[17:00]a basic human right right so you're they're assuming it's a self-evident

[17:06]thing it makes sense it's so obvious that everybody should be have

[17:09]access to health care on the other hand you have people who

[17:12]would argue against that that know why should there be universal health

[17:17]care and they would actually make arguments and debate individuals regarding this

[17:22]so this might be something that fits into this whole scenario you

[17:28]might say that because this person was not talk or not necessarily

[17:32]talk it was taught that human beings don't have value in themselves

[17:36]he might have this corrupt idea in his mind which lets him

[17:39]not realize the self-evidency of the universality of healthcare human rights so

[17:46]that could that could be an issue with the health in mind

[17:52]um the third condition he has here is health incentives and he

[17:56]said that this is specific to those axioms that are related to

[18:01]the five sentences so let's say a blind person or someone within

[18:05]his eyes will have difficulty in understanding visual perceptions as when a

[18:11]deaf person is trying to understand auditory perception or someone without taste

[18:15]in his perception so let's say the sun rising say that the

[18:20]sun has risen a blind person or someone who cannot see cannot

[18:25]verify that so um he might not be able to conceive it

[18:29]he wouldn't believe it because of a problem in his sentences [Music]

[18:37]number four lack of confusion he says that confusion results from the

[18:42]mind using false evidences to deny an action and is ignorant of

[18:50]his fallacy so in logic we have a section where you discuss

[18:53]fallacy in argumentation some people would base a whole argument based on

[18:58]on a fallacy and what logic does is it shows you that

[19:03]this way of thinking is incorrect so if there are if the

[19:11]mind is thinking using fallacies and therefore from this fallacy he doesn't

[19:18]realize what's self-evident then it doesn't change the self-evidence of the self-evident

[19:23]thing the thing is self-evident but the person is not realizing that

[19:27]it's self-evident because of some confusion that he has in his mind

[19:31]um and the fifth issue that he has over here is that

[19:36]being a non-intellective operation it says that many axioms require non-intellectual operations

[19:40]and again i put this all over here because this is not

[19:44]a this is not in the book that we're studying and i

[19:46]thought for reviewing you would have all of this on the slides

[19:48]otherwise i don't like to have this much uh many words on

[19:55]on slides um he says that many actions require non-intellectual operations one

[19:59]may you hear a report from many people so many that is

[20:04]impossible for them to have all transpired to lie about that thing

[20:07]this would be one of the actions of hawai'i or one may

[20:12]do experiments and this would be from the experimental actions or a

[20:15]person may put effort into going to see another land or to

[20:19]hear a voice and this would involve the axioms of sense perception

[20:23]in order to gain knowledge in these ways a person may have

[20:28]to have considerable experience or trouble into something i think i need

[20:37]to correct that there are some errors in the english book um

[20:42]anyways so the point here is that the criteria he does is

[20:47]that a person does not need thought or reflection or of any

[20:50]kind uh or any kind of intellectual operations at these kinds of

[20:56]knowledge so um we'll we'll get into these later this is not

[21:01]part of these these issues are not part of the book i

[21:04]just added them in order for us to understand that sometimes there

[21:08]are things that are self-evident and people don't realize that this is

[21:12]self-evident and it's not because the thing is not self-evident in itself

[21:17]it's because there's an issue with the human being not being able

[21:19]to realize that there's a barrier going on so this is basically

[21:22]the summary of these points and uh it's not required for the

[21:26]class but i just wanted to show that we can delve into

[21:30]deeper issues uh hopefully maybe not in a different course in the

[21:36]future inshallah so this is a summary of the concepts that we

[21:41]went through regarding knowledge we said that knowledge is divided by into

[21:46]two categories uh my correspondence by presence and then this is not

[21:51]concerned with logic or logic is not concerned with it then by

[21:53]correspondence can be divided into conception in a sense and then each

[21:56]one is divided into cognitive and exiomatic uh categories now so at

[22:04]the beginning of the course we said that logic is trying to

[22:08]reach the unknown using the nodes that we have this process of

[22:14]thinking um so basically that implies that as human beings we have

[22:17]things that we're unaware of we're ignoring and that's why they find

[22:23]they define ignorance as being the lack of knowledge logic or philosophy

[22:27]usually is binary you have existence and you have non-existence so the

[22:31]existence of a form an image in the mind would be called

[22:34]knowledge the lack of that form or the non-existence of that form

[22:40]in the mind would be called a full ignorance so the existence

[22:43]of something they call it knowledge the lack of it is called

[22:46]ignorance just like uh how logicians would categorize light and darkness that

[22:56]light existence the lack of life is darkness and similarly you know

[23:00]when it comes to the ideas of or the notions of good

[23:03]and evil when it comes to god they say that evil is

[23:05]non-existent they make the argument because you understand things from an existential

[23:11]point of view good is existential and all evil is is just

[23:18]a lack of good evil doesn't exist in itself so this binary

[23:22]binary or essential way of thinking is how uh binary logic works

[23:26]which is what we're dealing with over here so if knowledge is

[23:31]existing knowledge is the presence of the idea or the form or

[23:33]the image in the mind ignorance would be the lack of that

[23:39]knowledge um when we don't know something that can be known we

[23:43]are ignorant of it so let's say that i'm able to know

[23:47]that uh there is a 12th planet orbiting around the sun that

[23:54]we're not aware of i'm able to know it but i just

[23:57]don't know it just the mere fact that i can know that

[24:01]makes me ignorant of it because knowledge is contrasted with ignorance they

[24:07]share the same category so wherever there is knowledge the lack of

[24:11]that knowledge would be ignorance in that thing so it would share

[24:15]the exact same categories which means that every unknown matter that could

[24:20]become knowable through conception is conceptual ignorance so all the definitions that

[24:25]i don't know all the forms and images that i don't know

[24:29]that i could know that is called conceptual ignorance because i'm ignorant

[24:36]of those concepts that i could know that are knowable um every

[24:41]unknown matter that could become noble through ascent is called dissenting ignorance

[24:49]so any proposition or predicative sentence like we mentioned last week that

[24:54]i'm able to ascend in so let's say i say that mars

[25:00]or mars of yellow this sentence over here i could either believe

[25:10]that or deny it and because it has that potential but i

[25:15]did not have a sent in it yet i still didn't make

[25:18]a decision but it has a potential for me to believe it

[25:20]or not believe it then i am ignorant in the ascent of

[25:24]that proposition and why this is important is because what the logician

[25:33]is trying to tell us here is that we use logic in

[25:38]order for us to try to arrive at the unknowns now if

[25:43]there's something that we can know but we just haven't known it

[25:49]yet for whatever reason it is the logician here helps us organize

[25:52]our thoughts and our minds in order for us to discover these

[25:59]unknowns this whole process of thinking now when it comes to ignorance

[26:04]there's a an issue that they talk about as well and there's

[26:07]there's a difference of opinion in this matter over here this is

[26:10]not part of the book that we have it's part of jacques

[26:14]madoff's book and even sheikh mulafa when he mentions it you don't

[26:18]find this really in a lot of the books that logicians have

[26:21]wrote there's a whole discussion over this issue over here and i'll

[26:26]explain it to you try to summarize the idea not delve too

[26:29]much into it but just so you become aware of it because

[26:32]you might hear scholars talking about compound ignorance and simple ignorance and

[26:38]i thought it would be beneficial for us to kind of go

[26:41]over this just to kind of get an idea of what they

[26:42]might be talking about they say that ignorance could be divided into

[26:49]two simple ignorance and compound again simple here whenever we use simple

[26:55]and logic like simple conception simple ignorance it means that which is

[27:00]not connected with something else it's not compound it's not made up

[27:02]of two different things it's just pure ignorance just like simple conception

[27:07]is conception without judgment it's just conception itself if you add judgment

[27:13]to it it's not simple anymore it's compound and they called compound

[27:16]conception they called it a sound so ignorance we have something that

[27:22]is simple ignorance and we have compound which means it's ignorance plus

[27:26]something else it's made up of ignorance and another thing so what

[27:31]is this other thing that it's made up of well let's define

[27:35]simple ignorance first simple ignorance is when someone is ignorant about something

[27:40]but he's aware of his ignorance so i know that i don't

[27:46]know whether there is life on other planets or not i know

[27:49]i'm aware of my ignorance and i'm cognitive so you're the chef

[27:54]he gives an example of the emotion of mars we're ignorant about

[27:57]the motion of mars we don't know whether or not mars is

[28:01]in motion but at least we know that we don't know and

[28:04]so in reality we only have one kind of ignorance just ignorance

[28:07]of that thing over here that mars is in motion compound ignorance

[28:12]would be not knowing the thing and it's combined with ignorance about

[28:18]one's own ignorance so we have two kinds of ignorances here i'm

[28:22]ignorant of the actual thing and i'm ignorant that i'm ignorant of

[28:27]it a person believes that he has knowledge where he does not

[28:33]in this case one does not know that one is ignorant all

[28:38]the people with false beliefs would fall into this category they believe

[28:42]that they are knowledgeable about the reality of things but are ignorant

[28:45]in reality so let's say now the flat earth earthers right they

[28:50]believe that earth is black again i'm not arguing or debating this

[28:54]whole issue um i'll leave that to whoever is interested in that

[29:00]kind of debate but let's say we have satellites you know out

[29:03]there and people are into space now and they're gone and i

[29:08]think they've landed on mars and other other planets and so we

[29:12]have people who think that earth is black not a sphere um

[29:16]and they believe that so there let's say that in reality earth

[29:21]is a sphere so they're ignorant of the fact that earth was

[29:26]fear and they're also ignorant of the ignorance that they have because

[29:30]they think that they're not ignorant they believe that the earth is

[29:33]flat so they're not aware of their ignorance in the spiritual shape

[29:39]of the earth this is more difficult to deal with and you

[29:43]know some mystical scholars say that uh if you want to purify

[29:47]the person who has compound ignorance if you bring all the water

[29:50]of the ocean on earth the ocean and try to purify this

[29:56]person's soul uh you won't be able to purify it because these

[29:59]people are very arrogant if he has belief in his own ignorance

[30:02]you know in the false beliefs that he has it's very difficult

[30:06]to convince him otherwise so first of all you have to make

[30:12]him aware that he's ignorant of this truth and that's the most

[30:14]difficult part uh once you do that then you can try to

[30:17]teach him what the truth is whereas someone who's aware of his

[30:20]ignorance all you have to do is you have to show the

[30:23]truth and they'll just accept it this other guy is a bigger

[30:26]challenge and that's why if you go on youtube or you go

[30:28]online i mean they have videos and they're just debating and people

[30:33]spend hours and hours around graphs yeah you have to make him

[30:50]aware of his ignorance he doesn't think he's ignorance okay so you're

[31:15]saying i'm going to repeat it so they can hear the question

[31:18]um you're asking whether compound ignorance would require an external um thing

[31:24]that would awaken an individual or make him aware of his own

[31:29]ignorance um yes because he doesn't see himself as ignorant in the

[31:31]first place it's an actual belief in him and this is where

[31:34]the whole debate comes in they debate whether compound ignorance is part

[31:39]of ignorance or it's a part of knowledge because a person has

[31:45]belief so is it really ignorance or is it part of knowledge

[31:50]it's just that it's false knowledge there's a big debate between those

[31:53]positions in this matter and the reason why is because when you

[31:57]come to define knowledge aristotle for example and others would define knowledge

[32:04]as something that corresponds with the external reality not something that is

[32:09]just uh internal to the human being just because i have a

[32:15]belief doesn't make that knowledge that belief has to correspond with truth

[32:18]in order for it to become knowledge on the other hand you

[32:22]have people that might define knowledge have just pure belief whether it

[32:26]corresponds with truth or it doesn't correspond with truth and this is

[32:31]where the uh difference of opinion occurs and i think it's a

[32:35]very interesting debate i would love to uh delve into and kind

[32:40]of hear your opinions as well on the matter but um i

[32:44]think it's outside of the scope of this class right now uh

[32:46]maybe uh if anyone's interested after class or let's say uh on

[32:54]chat for example anybody wants to delve more into this um we

[32:57]can do that in the book that i sent he has a

[33:01]section that deals with compound ignorance being part of knowledge or ignorance

[33:07]so maybe if you're interested you can read that and if you

[33:10]want to discuss the idea i can provide more references and sources

[33:14]that would help us try to you know adopt an opinion in

[33:19]this matter so how do we come to remove the ignorance that

[33:25]we have these unknowns these infinite amount of unknowns that exist outside

[33:30]of us and inside of us how do we end up removing

[33:35]them um conceptual ignorance it occurs through definitions through forming of concept

[33:40]and authentic ignorance you would have to uh remove that by ascending

[33:49]and leaving insurance that's how you remove that kind of ignorance and

[33:55]unknowns so because this is what conceptualization is divided into logic is

[34:00]a science that teaches us the correct way uh reaching conceptual unknowns

[34:06]and there's something unknown so if you want to define something want

[34:09]to conceptualize something logic teaches us how to conceptualize it in the

[34:15]correct way and if you want to believe in something logical teach

[34:20]us how to reach a certain truth through a proper method of

[34:24]argumentation or syllogism or something of that sort so the subject matter

[34:34]therefore logic is definitions and evidence that's why when we go next

[34:37]week let's say um we're going to begin with trying to study

[34:41]language in words we have to learn how to form definitions and

[34:48]concepts which methods are incorrect when it comes to defining things uh

[34:52]and understanding conceptualizations and which methods are correct that's the first section

[34:57]of logic the second section of logic deals with syllogisms and truth

[35:02]and false statements that's the part over here ascending ignorance removing that

[35:08]um i wanted to add a point over here before moving on

[35:13]this is this doesn't exist in the book and usually it's not

[35:17]really discussed in logic either but i wanted to mention a point

[35:20]regarding conceptualization yeah sorry opinions i'm it seems like it is i

[35:36]put it there because that's the word that was used in the

[35:38]book yeah so basically just like definition how to define things um

[35:42]but it's the translation that they used uh the word that we

[35:46]use in the translation of the book that we're using what different

[35:49]is i'm trying you know i i sometimes i prefer a translation

[35:53]over another but i can't put my own preference all the time

[35:58]because we are using a book and even though it might not

[36:00]be the best translation i'm trying to stick with the word in

[36:03]the book just in case someone reads the book uh he's able

[36:06]to become aware this is what we're talking about but yeah basically

[36:10]definition if you don't like the word you can always delete it

[36:16]and put your own things over it um so moving beyond conceptualization

[36:27]if we conceive something what comes after this conception i mean do

[36:32]we perfect ourselves as human beings through to through conceptualizing truths and

[36:38]dissenting in them is that how we perfect ourselves as human beings

[36:42]or is there something that comes beyond the subway consumption if you

[36:46]recall when we talked about the different levels of you know different

[36:50]modes of knowledge in the human being we said that there is

[36:52]an essential perception and we have the rational then we have the

[36:57]super rational which is the intuitive and we said that logic deals

[37:01]with the middle one and it understands things for a reason and

[37:06]it understands the world around it and truth through the mind and

[37:11]the rational faculty now if you perfect your rational faculty and you're

[37:16]able to argue in a very sound manner and you reach truth

[37:21]through your argumentation is that how a human being perfects himself is

[37:26]that where we stop as human beings we have all the correct

[37:30]beliefs and we have all the um right convictions is that enough

[37:36]for us when it comes to certain belief systems um there are

[37:42]you know certain denominations of religions you know of the religion and

[37:49]i do believe that all you have to have in order for

[37:55]your salvation is correctly you believe in god you believe in the

[37:59]prophet you believe in the book and the law and you have

[38:04]a correct belief system and you know you believe in the law

[38:08]obviously you apply the law but what matters most is that your

[38:11]belief is correct that's why if you have an incorrect relief you

[38:14]would be considered to be an apostate or an individual even muslims

[38:19]you know between themselves someone who differs with another group of muslims

[38:23]on a certain belief and they will remove him from religion and

[38:27]therefore consider him to be worthy of going to hell or even

[38:30]killed in some instances um so they gave a lot of weight

[38:35]to the idea of believing assenting in proof having a proper belief

[38:41]system and they use that as a criteria for the profession of

[38:46]human beings is that something that's uh correct or incorrect that we

[38:53]believe in correspondence with truth right now he asked he has some

[39:02]scholars and they would tell you yes there's nothing called beyond that

[39:08]as long as you have a proper belief system and you're doing

[39:12]your own duties you go to heaven and that's it that's all

[39:14]you have to do even if as a human being you don't

[39:19]experience anything spiritual you don't increase your intuitive knowledge these people don't

[39:26]even believe necessarily any type of intuitive knowledge or if they do

[39:29]believe in it they don't believe it's average opportunity to deal with

[39:33]that we just have to ignore it the only person who has

[39:37]proper intuitive knowledge would be the prophet they taught us through their

[39:41]knowledge was to believe all we have to do is submit believe

[39:43]nothing because we want to go to heaven with the correct belief

[39:50]system you have scholars on the other hand who realize that the

[39:53]movement of the human being is a movement towards perfection it's a

[39:57]spiritual movement essentially and rationalization and conceptualization is just a means for

[40:04]humans that would assist him or her on the spiritual path reaching

[40:09]profession so if we look at the ultimate goal in life we

[40:14]have to decide for ourselves whether you know rationalization and being in

[40:20]conformity was true with truth on the irrational level is what's required

[40:25]of us as human beings and that's our ultimate life a goal

[40:29]in life or that we are expected to move beyond this respected

[40:35]to use that rationalization correct it rectify it in order for us

[40:42]to be able to move beyond it and reach higher truths that

[40:47]are more eternal and spiritual if we look at the irrational path

[40:52]it has to do with conceptualizing truth and the sciences that deal

[40:56]with this are logic philosophy mathematics etc these help us correct the

[41:03]way we think we understand the world around us you know knowing

[41:09]that um that our god who is let's say we define again

[41:16]definition let's say we define god as the ultimate absolute being who

[41:22]is the has no partner and no associates because he's just absolute

[41:28]in his nature as opposed to believing that there are multiple gods

[41:34]this might be an incorrect way of thinking how can you have

[41:39]multiple gods if each one of them is absolute then you cannot

[41:42]have multiple absolutes existing in the same place the same time and

[41:46]whatnot um so this would help us understand things on that level

[41:52]so let's say i understood that there can only be one god

[41:57]and there cannot be multiple gods that would really affect my uh

[42:02]way of understanding the world around me and it would even affect

[42:05]the way i deal with things in my own life if i

[42:08]believe that there's one god who is absolute and i would resort

[42:13]to him and if that absolute god is someone who is able

[42:15]to hear me i'm able to unify myself with him i'm able

[42:18]to realize him for my own self that i would walk on

[42:22]a different path than if i thought there were multiple gods one

[42:25]of them that was responsible for listening casting you know lightning responsible

[42:29]for rain and you know each god is responsible for a different

[42:33]kind of thing uh then i would behave differently with these babies

[42:37]my relationship with them would be a different relationship um then we

[42:44]have the spiritual path understanding truths through spiritual realization something that goes

[42:51]beyond reason it's true that i might understand that there is only

[42:57]one god in this because universe is the absolute and um uh

[43:03]let's say the origin of being itself or actually he is being

[43:10]itself if i understand it through my mind it doesn't necessarily make

[43:14]me aware or make me realize this thought i can understand the

[43:19]notion but i don't don't necessarily have any practical i'll just have

[43:24]any practical implications that happen to me so if i know that

[43:26]let's say i know that god forbids um a certain thing gambling

[43:32]um i can still go in gambling i know the notion correct

[43:37]way of thinking it's a conviction that i have and uh but

[43:42]that doesn't really have any effect outside of the mind in the

[43:48]spiritual path though we don't just try to conceptualize truth we try

[43:53]to move beyond that and you try to unify yourself with that

[43:56]truth that you're believing it and this is what mysticism does this

[44:01]is where it comes into play people who thought that we want

[44:05]to move beyond conceptualization it's true that i have the correct belief

[44:11]system and i have the correct ideas and i don't mistake make

[44:14]mistakes in my thought but i don't experience god i don't experience

[44:18]the truth that i'm believing it and something is experiential is that

[44:22]knowledge by presence there's a difference between knowing god through notions and

[44:28]thoughts and ideas and conceptualizing him and knowing god through the heart

[44:32]knowing him by presence concepts and images and forms are mediators they

[44:40]do no good in themselves if not transcendent so if you have

[44:45]an idea about god and you have a conceptualization about god then

[44:49]just knowing that yourself does you know good it's important to know

[44:56]it because without knowing it you cannot transcend it because it's necessary

[45:01]to know these ideas otherwise you will not be able to move

[45:03]towards something if you can't conceptualize it um and this is the

[45:13]point i tried making over here if you don't transcend them they

[45:17]themselves become veils because the more you know about something the human

[45:22]nature that becomes arrogant i think just because i know something now

[45:26]it makes me a good person or it makes me above other

[45:29]people or that i've reached the truth a lot of people try

[45:33]to read books on mysticism or you know uh let's say in

[45:39]the quran and they become very well versed in these kinds of

[45:42]things and they can tell you all these notions and principles and

[45:44]they have them known by heart but when you look at them

[45:47]in their daily lives they're nothing uh nothing related to what they're

[45:56]talking about you could be talking about this mystical union with god

[45:59]but you look at him and he's the most indulging person in

[46:04]the dunya that's because he hasn't realized the truth he hasn't become

[46:07]one with it he hasn't applied it in his own life he

[46:10]just has these notions he has the correct concepts in his mind

[46:13]but he didn't move beyond that so moving from the irrational to

[46:19]the super rational from the conceptual to the super conceptual from the

[46:23]image to the image list from the form to the formless this

[46:27]is what the objective that human being should be and i i

[46:31]drew a a model over here um which we're going to go

[46:35]into and i'll see i'll show you why ideation or conception is

[46:39]necessary for human beings but before going into that let's look at

[46:42]this verse that god talks about the quran it says we shall

[46:46]show them our signs upon their horizons and within themselves till it

[46:51]becomes clear to them that he god is the truth does it

[46:56]not suffice it by lord is witness over all things god is

[46:59]talking about two different ways of knowing things through different signs that

[47:04]he reveals to human beings one of them is the signs that

[47:09]are upon the horizons these are things that are a side of

[47:11]human being and then there are signs within the self the truth

[47:15]that exists within the human being and if you put those together

[47:21]and you transcend them then you get to know god as truth

[47:25]you unified that's why god says he'll show us the signs we

[47:29]need the science in order for us to realize what's beyond the

[47:34]sign without the mediator we don't know that there is an object

[47:36]that exists over there like you mentioned last week if i don't

[47:40]have the image of the tree for example then i won't know

[47:44]that a tree exists um and since this is uh you can

[47:53]uh what i try doing here is using certain uh notions that

[47:58]or or uh words that exist in philosophical books or focus on

[48:02]mysticism they divide the macrocosm and microcosm basically the world outside of

[48:07]the human being in the world inside of the human being and

[48:11]putting these signs together transcending them you reach this god realization rational

[48:19]knowledge again it has it goes through syllogism when it comes to

[48:25]ascending in our beliefs and we have you know affirmation where you

[48:30]believe in something indication when you believe that something is false so

[48:34]here is belief saying something is true this is believing something is

[48:37]false or believing that something is not a thing now this division

[48:41]is important because when it comes to theology and philosophy these uh

[48:49]sciences deal with god but they deal with what god isn't what

[48:52]god isn't you're trying to you know come up with the proper

[48:57]conception of god and that's all you do philosophy is the same

[49:01]thing as well philosophy is a science that deals with understanding existence

[49:07]and being in itself understanding the truth about our own existence but

[49:12]through concepts again philosophy doesn't make a person a god realizing individual

[49:16]or every individual will give you a much clearer understanding of who

[49:22]god is or what existence and through that understanding let's see you

[49:27]understand that the gold is immaterial the soul is immaterial and the

[49:32]soul is on its own journey towards perfection once you understand that

[49:38]then you are able to embark on a journey towards god because

[49:43]you believe that this is this is uh what the cell does

[49:49]if you don't believe the soul is a material then you wouldn't

[49:52]sink anything that purifies the soul or uh moves the soul towards

[49:58]perfection because you don't believe in this notion that existence is constantly

[50:01]in a movement towards perfection so philosophy would teach you that existence

[50:06]is in a constant motion towards perfection and the soul is in

[50:11]this journey towards its perfection you would understand that through philosophy and

[50:14]you need it because without philosophy specifically islamic philosophy that deals with

[50:20]existence you wouldn't understand this notion that's why most people don't think

[50:24]of the world in this way but in islamic philosophy uh this

[50:28]is their understanding of the world that's why the notions of moving

[50:31]towards perfection and the human the immaterial soul and that exists after

[50:36]death and this is what occurs so after that it's all part

[50:39]of the islamic worldview specifically in the islamic philosophical worldview we're able

[50:45]to conceive that believing that we want to embark on that dream

[50:50]towards perfection that's what philosophy does philosophy specifically um but that's knowing

[50:57]god for a reason and theology is the same way we're studying

[51:01]theology we're studying god's attributes what god is what god isn't god

[51:04]is alive god has knowledge god is not ignorant god is not

[51:08]unjust about it it's just and you build this notion and understanding

[51:12]of who god is through theology and through philosophy but it stops

[51:17]there it doesn't move you towards any type of perfection some people

[51:22]believe that perfecting a reason is what human perfection is you see

[51:28]human profession through uh through reason and not necessarily through the spirituality

[51:32]this is something that you might see as extra or even not

[51:37]necessary um but the mystics on the other hand uh said that

[51:40]we have to know god through the spirit we understand that god

[51:45]is merciful with the mind but if we don't realize that he's

[51:47]merciful we don't experience his mercy we don't unify with the attribute

[51:53]of god through contemplation through prayer through uh negating the self then

[51:59]we really haven't reached the truth at all so and if this

[52:04]is the case should reason the event you have schools of mysticism

[52:10]that say that reason is not necessary why not just you know

[52:13]sit down in the morning every day meditate contemplate spiritual activities and

[52:21]why don't you move towards spiritual self-realization without having to have mediators

[52:28]why should i take random from the book when i can take

[52:32]the item directly from god why should i study philosophy or theology

[52:36]and these things when i can take it directly from the source

[52:40]and there's been this few rough history and it's still exists until

[52:47]now not just in the islamic world but in other religions as

[52:52]well regarding a specific point why should we focus a lot on

[52:56]these rational sciences finally just go directly towards god and not deal

[53:03]with logic philosophy theology benefit us in fact it makes us more

[53:11]arrogant and if you know things through conception because concepts are always

[53:14]limited they're limited by how you define them by the words that

[53:20]are used um but the soul is able to realize things that

[53:24]are limitless so why should i occupy myself with these kinds of

[53:31]scientists i try to make an argument for a reason and this

[53:34]is i came up with this uh chart over here which i

[53:43]took from the uh elements of islamic metaphysics when he talks about

[53:48]voluntary acts that's a book on islamic philosophy which was fought in

[53:53]the uh at an advanced level and he was trying to prove

[53:57]that every voluntary act has a cause in the chapter on cause

[54:01]and effect and i took that idea and i thought i could

[54:05]apply it to this notion over here now it's something for a

[54:09]person to have a voluntary act or a voluntary movement then these

[54:15]steps have to be woke up first of all the person has

[54:21]to have knowledge of that and he should have ideation conceptualization if

[54:24]let's say and this is the example i usually give um if

[54:30]someone is hungry and has to get up and get food to

[54:34]remove that hunger well first of all he has to conceive of

[54:36]his hunger he has to conceive of the fact that there is

[54:41]food which he can eat that would remove his hunger we all

[54:45]do that whenever we're sitting down and we're hungry we become aware

[54:50]immediately of our own hunger that's knowledge by presence then we are

[54:55]aware that i am hungry that conceptualization over there so the feeling

[54:59]of hunger is by presence knowing that i'm hungry understanding i'm hungry

[55:04]reforming an image of my hunger that i am hungry as a

[55:07]conceptualization believing that i'm hungry because of the feeling that i have

[55:12]this ascent and then believing or conceiving first of all that i

[55:16]can remove the hunger by eating that pizza that's on the countertop

[55:20]over there um and believing that that would remove my hunger is

[55:25]things i have to imagine first conceptualize and then believing in that

[55:31]once i believe in it and depending on how much how strong

[55:35]my belief is in that thing or uh the necessity of how

[55:40]hungry i am it will create a desire in myself to get

[55:43]up and get that food now i might believe that i'm hungry

[55:48]i'm starving actually but i might be someone who is very lazy

[55:52]i'm battling between my laziness and my feeling of you know wanting

[55:58]to remove my hunger so until my hunger is strong enough and

[56:02]let's say i i believe that if i don't get up and

[56:05]eat now i'm going to faint i'm going to lose my consciousness

[56:07]something's going to happen to me i'm going to end up in

[56:11]the er um that would create a strong enough desire inside of

[56:15]a human being to get up and get the food and it

[56:17]will give him a once he decides he gets the willpower people

[56:20]get up and do it and then he'll end up going and

[56:23]getting that food to feed himself now this is why it's necessary

[56:31]to uh conceptualize that because this is where aviation conception dynamic is

[56:35]divided into conception in a sense over here this step over here

[56:39]is necessary to create a movement towards god if you don't understand

[56:44]that there's a god what's perfect you're able to become one with

[56:50]and perfect yourself through a god that is merciful that you can

[56:56]pray to speak with him he answers your prayer if you don't

[57:00]have all these ideas in your mind you wouldn't do anything in

[57:03]your life that would fulfill that goal um that you have in

[57:08]your mind here that's why you see someone who doesn't believe in

[57:11]god or at believes in a different type of god their behavior

[57:13]in this world differs very much from someone who hasn't said a

[57:19]more deep conception of god but they even within one religion those

[57:24]who conceptualize mystical truth as opposed to those who see that religion

[57:28]is just a legal system their behavior and their understanding of religion

[57:32]and their movement in their lives differs drastically from one another the

[57:37]person who sees that he protects himself from salat would perfect his

[57:41]prayer and he believes that his prayer is elevating him spiritually a

[57:45]person who just thinks that salah is only a ledge of obligatory

[57:48]prayer and i just have to do it so i can go

[57:51]to heaven regardless of whatever experience i have it's not important then

[57:54]you see him throughout the day oh he just prayed that he

[57:58]ends and that's it he feels like he did his duty and

[58:03]this is all because of this over here how you understand god

[58:06]and how you understand the truth and reality affects your movement in

[58:10]life and your movement towards uh whatever goal that you conceive that's

[58:15]why we can't abandon this part again mysticism if you don't understand

[58:20]properly what god is he won't know how to reach him even

[58:25]mystically speaking um i'm going to end the lesson here this is

[58:31]lesson three of the book um very short and listen for their

[58:37]two short short chapters uh next week insha'allah we can uh finish

[58:42]them and hopefully start with uh lesson five after that foreign

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4- Introduction to Logic (Mantiq) - Shaykh Abdulrahman Cherri

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4- Introduction to Logic (Mantiq) - Shaykh Abdulrahman Cherri

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